ارزیابی شیوه شناسایی و تشخیص کشورهای در حال توسعه در سازمان تجارت جهانی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

عضو هیات علمی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شیراز

چکیده

از آنجا که اعضای در حال توسعه سازمان تجارت جهانی می‌توانند از رفتار ویژه و متفاوت دیگر اعضا بهره‌مند گردند، تشخیص این قبیل کشورها همواره از اهمیت بسیار برخوردار بوده است. هرچند روشهای متعددی در این فرایند تشخیصی وجود دارد، اما خوداظهاری عضو امتیازگیرنده، رایجترین و انتخاب توسط عضو امتیازدهنده موثرترین روش می‌باشد. مهمترین نگرانی که در این خصوص وجود دارد آن است که چون اعضای توسعه یافته الزام حقوقی به اعمل رفتار ویژه و متفاوت نداشته و تنها خود را به بیشترین تلاش متعهد می‌دانند، اعطای امتیاز به صلاحدید عضو توسعه یافته واگذار شده و آنها نیز بعضاً سلیقه‌ای مبادرت به اعطای امتیاز می‌نمایند. آنچه که در تعریف عضو در حال توسعه باید مورد توجه قرار گیرد توجه به جنبه‌های مختلف توسعه به ویژه جنبه اجتماعی آن است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


هوهن فلدرن، آیگانتس زایدل(1385)، حقوق بین‌الملل اقتصادی، ترجمه دکتر سید قاسم زمانی، چاپ چهارم، موسسه مطالعات و پژوهشهای حقوقی، تهران.
Alesina and  Wacziarg (1998), “Openness, Country Size and Government,” Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 69.
Arda, M. &  Ostensson, O. (2002), “Commodity Branch, Issues Pertaining to Single Commodity Exporters,” FAO Discussion Paper, No. 5.
Babu, R.Rajesh (2011), “Cause and effect of differentiation between developing countries in the WTO”, International Journal of Private Law, Vol. 4, No. 3.
Bartels, Lorand, (2003), “The WTO Enabling Clause and Positive Conditionality in the European Community’s GSP Program,” Journal of International Economic Law, Vol. 6, No. 2.
Bown, C.P. &  Hoekman, B.M. (2005), “WTO Dispute Settlement and the Missing Developing Country Cases: Engaging the Private Sector,” Journal of International Economic Law, Vol. 8.
Chang, H.J. (2002), Kicking Away the Ladder--Development Strategy in Historical Perspective, London: Anthem Press.
CIA, The World Factbook 2006, available at: www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html.
Cui, Fan (2008), “Who Are the Developing Countries in the WTO?,” The Law and Development Review, Volume 1, Issue 1.
EC, Different Needs, Different Responsibilities: What is the EU Asking from Developing Countries?, available at: ec.europa.eu/comm/trade/issues/global/development/pr141205_en.htm
Engelsman, Fleur (2008), WTO Compatibility of the EC 2006-2015 Generalized System of Preferences, Master Thesis, Public Policy & Human Development, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance.
GATT Panel Report, Ceylon-Article XVIII Applications, GATT Doc. L/71 (26 Nov. 1957).
Harrison, James (2005), “Incentives for Development: The EC’s Generalized System of Preferences, India’s WTO Challenge and Reform,” Common Market Law Review, Vol. 42, Issue 6.
Hoekman, B.M. & Kostecki, M.M. (2001), The Political Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and Beyond, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press.
Hoekman, B., Michalopoulos, C.  and Winters, A. (2003), “More Favorable and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries: Toward a New Approach in the World Trade Organization,” The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, Series no. 3107, Washington.
Horn, H. and Mavroidis, P.C (1999), “Remedies in the WTO Dispute Settlement System and Developing Country Interests,” World Bank Working Paper, Washington.
ICJ, 18 December 1951, Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case, ICJ Reports 1951, p. 131, ILR 18, p. 93.
ICJ Reports, Judgment of 27 June 1986, Nicaragua v. Unites States, Merits, 1986, p. 138, para. 276.
International Food and Agricultural Trade Policy Council, An IPC Position Paper, A New Approach to Special and Differential Treatment (15 September 2004).
Keck. A & Low, P. (2004), “Special and Differential Treatment in the WTO: Why, When and How?,” WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2004-03, Geneva.
Krugman, P.  & Obsfeld, M. (2003),  International Economics, 6th edn, Pearson Education International.
List, F. (1885), The National System of Political Economy, London, Longmans, Green, and Co.
Matsushita, M. Schoenbaum, T. and Mavroidis, P. (2003), The World Trade Organization: Law, Practice and Policy, Oxford University Press.
Nielsen, Lynge (2013), “How to Classify Countries Based on Their Level of Development”, Social Indicators Research Journal, Vol. 114.
O’Brien, Brynn and Zandvliet, Ruben (2012), “Defining development in WTO law: the legality and parameters of labour rights conditionality in the Generalised System of Preferences,” Third Biennial Global Conference, National University of Singapore, NUS Faculty of Law, Center for International Law, July 12 - 14.
Osakwe, Chiedu (2011), “Developing Countries and GATT/WTO Rules: Dynamic Transformations in Trade Policy Behavior and Performance”, Minnesota Journal of International Law, Vol, 20, No. 2.
Qian, MA (2012), “Reasonable Period of Time in the WTO Dispute Settlement System,” Journal of International Economic Law, Vol. 15, issue. 1.
Sen, Amartya (1999), Development as Freedom, New York, Random House.
UN Committee for Development Policy, Report on the Eighth Session, Economic and Social Council Official Records Supplement no. 13 (March 2006).
UNDP, Human Development Report 2005, available at: hdr.undp.org
WTO Article 21.3 (c) Arbitration Report, Chile Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WTO Doc. WT/DS87/15 (23 May 2000),
WTO Appellate Body Report, European Communities-Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries, WTO doc. WT/DS246/AB/R (7 April 2004).
WTO Panel Report, United States: Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Certain Steel Products, WTO doc. WT/DS252/R (11 July 2003).
WTO, Report on the Working Party on the Accession of China, WTO doc. WT/ACC/CHN/49 (1 October 2001).
WTO, Who are the Developing Countries in the WTO?, available at:
www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/dlwto_e.htm,