بررسی‌های بازرگانی

بررسی‌های بازرگانی

واکاوی ماهیت «بین المللی» و آثار آن در داوری تجاری بین المللی و داوری سرمایه گذاری خارجی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
دکتری حقوق خصوصی و دانش پژوه دکتری حقوق تجارت و سرمایه گذاری بین المللی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران
چکیده
امروزه با تحوّل داوری سرمایه‌‌گذاری خارجی تعیین اتحاد یا افتراق آن با داوری تجاری بین‌‌المللی ضروری است. واکاوی ماهیت و آثار «بین‌‌المللی»، به مثابه یکی از عناصر مفهومی اساسی داوری بین‌‌المللی، در این زمینه نقشی مؤثّر دارد؛ لذا در این مقاله با رویکرد تحلیلی و کاربردی به آن می‌‌پردازیم.
بر مبنای نتایج مقاله حاضر، در حالی که در داوری تجاری بین‌‌المللی مفهوم موسّع از «بین‌‌المللی» مورد نظر می‌‌باشد، مفهوم مذکور در داوری سرمایه‌‌گذاری خارجی، غالباً ناظر بر معیار تابعیت است. در حوزه آثار اصلی ماهیت «بین‌‌المللی» اگرچه، به‌‌واسطه عدم شناسایی نظام مستقل حقوق فراملی بازرگانی، گرایش به غیرملی کردن داوری تجاری بین‌‌المللی قطعیت نیافته، امّا پذیرش این رویکرد و مزایای نسبی آن انکارناپذیر است. در داوری سرمایه‌‌گذاری خارجی اثر اصلی ماهیت «بین‌‌المللی» در اعمال حقوق بین‌‌الملل به مثابه قواعد برتر حقوقی بوده، که نخست در نقش کنترل‌‌کننده قانون دولت میزبان و سپس قابلیت اعمال مستقیم آن بروز یافت.
«خصیصه بین‌‌المللی» در داوری تجاری بین‌‌المللی ویژگی اساسی و تمایز بخش است که باید در مراحل مختلف مورد توجّه واقع گردد؛ در حالی که در داوری سرمایه‌‌گذاری خارجی بیش از همه در اعمال قانون حاکم و نقش کنترل‌‌کننده حقوق بین‌‌الملل بروز می‌‌یابد.
در پایان برخی پیشنهادات در زمینه ضرورت تغییر معیار تابعیت در احراز عنصر خارجی در داوری تجاری بین‌‌المللی و عدم ترجیح اعمال قواعد فراملی بازرگانی، به مثابه قانون حاکم، برای ارتقا وضع موجود کشورمان، ارائه گردیده‌‌است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

Analysis of the “International” Character and Its Legal Implications in International Commercial Arbitration and Foreign Investment Arbitration

نویسنده English

Jafar Nezamolmolki
, PhD of Private Law and PhD Condidate of International Trade and Investment Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran.
چکیده English

With the evolution of  foreign investment arbitration, determining whether it converges with or diverges from international commercial arbitration has become essential. Examining the nature and legal implications of the term “international,” as one of the fundamental conceptual elements of international arbitration, plays a significant role in this context. Therefore, this article addresses the issue through an analytical and practical approach.
According to the findings of this article, while a broad conception of “international” prevails in international commercial arbitration, in foreign investment arbitration the concept is predominantly linked to the criterion of nationality.
With respect to the principal implications of the “international” character, although the trend toward the denationalization of international commercial arbitration remains inconclusive due to the absence of a fully recognized and autonomous transnational commercial legal order (Lex Mercatoria), the growing acceptance of this approach and its relative advantages are undeniable. In foreign investment arbitration, the primary effect of the “international” character manifests in the application of international law as hierarchically superior legal norms, first operating as a controlling framework over the host State’s law and subsequently demonstrating its capacity for direct application.
The “international” character in international commercial arbitration constitutes a fundamental and distinguishing feature that must be taken into consideration at various stages. By contrast, in foreign investment arbitration, it is most prominently reflected in the determination of the governing law and in the supervisory role of international law.
Finally, several recommendations are advanced concerning the necessity of revising the nationality criterion in establishing the foreign element in international commercial arbitration and reconsidering the preferential application of transnational commercial norms as the governing law, with a view to improving the current legal framework in Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

International / Effects / International Commercial Arbitration / Foreign Investment Arbitration
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دوره 23، شماره 133 - شماره پیاپی 133
مهر و آبان 1404
صفحه 109-132

  • تاریخ دریافت 21 اردیبهشت 1404
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